Sharding and partitioning are techniques to divide and scale large databases. Sharding distributes data across multiple servers, while partitioning splits tables within one server. Sharding and Partitioning is a concept which is tightly coupled with database. Horizontal Partitioning or Database Sharding : Horizontal partitioning, also known as database sharding. Database sharding is the process of storing a large database across multiple machines. A single machine, or database server, can store and process only a limited amount of data. Database sharding overcomes this limitation by splitting data into smaller chunks, called shards , and storing them across several database servers. All database servers usually have the same underlying technologies, and they work together to store and process large volumes of data. For example, suppose we store the contact info for customers. In that case, we can keep the contact info starting with name A-H on one partition/shard...